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Les franciscains de la Custodie de Terre sainte étaient perçus comme des moines " inutiles ", " arriérés ", " ignorants ", " inefficaces "... Cependant, ils ont perduré jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Quelle est donc la raison de cette permanence ? A la fin du XIXe siècle, la France républicaine, qui était leur protectrice, a bien tenté de les écarter en favorisant ses propres congrégations religieuses " nationales " : Carmélites, Frères des Ecoles chrétiennes, missionnaires d'Afrique, Assomptionnistes, Sœurs de saint Vincent-de-Paul et Dominicains - des ordres religieux capables de faire face à l'activisme protestant soutenu par l'Angleterre et par l'Allemagne. Les diplomates de la République étaient même arrivés à obtenir, par le biais de Mgr Lavigerie, l'appui de Rome. Face aux puissances nationales de l'Europe, la Custodie a opposé son internationalisme... et l'anarchie dont elle était imprégnée. Sa structure organisationnelle, en effet, échappait à tout contrôle et c'est là précisément que résidaient sa force et la raison de sa résistance. Cette recherche argumentée propose une interprétation dont l'intérêt déborde largement l'étude du cas examiné. Il ressort que la survie de la Custodie de Terre sainte, au moment où l'on pronostiquait sa prochaine élimination du jeu politico-religieux, n'est pas le fruit du hasard mais d'une remarquable capacité à " se donner du jeu " dans un contexte apparemment défavorable. Le motif en est le fonctionnement propre à l'Ordre franciscain, fait d'un juste équilibre entre démocratie et dépendances habilement négociées : une sorte d'anarchie rationnelle qui a permis à la Custodie de résister aux puissances politiques européennes en préservant une forte identité franciscaine. La démonstration est conduite avec méthode à partir d'une documentation abondante et diversifiée, et le souci de ne jamais sacrifier l'explication au détail des faits

Franciscains. --- Catholic Church --- Église catholique --- History --- Histoire --- Palestine --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- 271.3 <569.4> --- Franciskanen. Minderbroeders--Israël --- 271.3 <569.4> Franciskanen. Minderbroeders--Israël --- Église catholique --- 19th century --- Franciscans. Custody of the Holy Land --- Franciscains

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Radiocarbon dating --- Datation --- Congresses. --- Méthode du carbone 14 --- Congrès --- Bible --- Antiquities --- Palestine --- Congresses --- Antiquités --- Carbon dating --- Carbon-14 dating --- Dating, Radiocarbon --- Holy Land --- Archaeological dating --- Radioactive dating

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The Order of the Hospital of St John was among the most creative and important institutions of the Middle Ages, its history provoking much debate and controversy. However, there has been very little study of the way in which it operated as an organisation contributing to the survival of the Christian settlement in the East, a gap which this book addresses. It focuses on the impact of the various crises in the East upon the Order, looking at how it reacted to events, the contributions that western priories played in the rehabilitation of the East, and the various efforts made to restore its economic and military strength. In particular, the author shows the key role played by the papacy, both in the Order's recovery, and in determining the fate of the crusader states. Overall, it offers a whole new perspective on the connections between East and West. JUDITH BRONSTEIN gained her Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge.

Hospitalers. --- Hospitalers --- Military religious orders --- Church history --- Hospitaliers --- Ordres militaires religieux --- Eglise --- Finance. --- History --- Finances --- Histoire --- 271.026*1 --- Hospitaalorde van St.Jan van Jeruzalem. Johannieters --- 271.026*1 Hospitaalorde van St.Jan van Jeruzalem. Johannieters --- Hospitallers --- Crusader States. --- Holy Land. --- Hospitallers. --- Medieval Finance.

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This innovative study sheds new light on one of the most spectacular changes to occur in late antiquity-the rise of pilgrimage all over the Christian world-by setting the phenomenon against the wide background of the political and theological debates of the time. Asking how the emerging notion of a sacred geography challenged the leading intellectuals and ecclesiastical authorities, Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony deftly reshapes our understanding of early Christian mentalities by unraveling the process by which a territory of grace became a territory of power. Examining ancient writers' responses to the rising practice of pilgrimage, Bitton-Ashkelony offers a nuanced reading of their thinking on the merits and the demerits of pilgrimage, revealing theological and ecclesiastical motivations that have been overlooked, and questioning the long-held assumption of scholars that pilgrimage was only a popular, not an elite, religious practice. In addition to Greek and Latin sources, she includes Syriac material, which allows her to build a rich picture of the emerging theology of landscape that took shape over the fourth to sixth centuries.

Christian pilgrims and pilgrimages --- Pilgrims and pilgrimages, Christian --- Christian shrines --- Pilgrims and pilgrimages --- History of doctrines --- Palestine --- Holy Land --- In Christianity --- Palestine in Christianity --- Christianity --- Christian pilgrims and pilgrimages -- Palestine -- History of doctrines -- Early church, ca. 30-600.. --- Palestine in Christianity -- History of doctrines -- Early church, ca. 30-600. --- Christian pilgrims and pilgrimages - Palestine - History of doctrines - Early church, ca. 30-600 --- Palestine in Christianity - History of doctrines - Early church, ca. 30-600 --- Pèlerinages --- Antiquité tardive --- ancient world. --- antiquity. --- aristocracy. --- augustine. --- bible. --- christian pilgrims. --- christian world. --- christianity. --- class. --- cloister. --- early church. --- elite religion. --- folk religion. --- grace. --- gregory of nyssa. --- holiness. --- holy land. --- holy men. --- holy sites. --- holy space. --- jerome. --- jerusalem. --- landscape. --- monasteries. --- monasticism. --- monks. --- monuments. --- nonfiction. --- nuns. --- palestine. --- pilgrimage. --- pilgrims. --- popular religion. --- relics. --- religion. --- religious devotion. --- religious practices. --- sacred geography. --- sacred space. --- saints. --- theology. --- tombs. --- travel. --- worship.

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Christian pilgrims and pilgrimages --- Palestine in Christianity --- History of doctrines --- 248.153.8 --- 248.153.8 Bedevaarten. Pelgrimstochten--(algemeen) --- Bedevaarten. Pelgrimstochten--(algemeen) --- Pèlerins et pèlerinages chrétiens --- Palestine dans le christianisme --- Histoire des doctrines --- Pilgrims and pilgrimages, Christian --- Christian shrines --- Pilgrims and pilgrimages --- Palestine --- Holy Land --- In Christianity --- Christian pilgrims and pilgrimages - Palestine - History of doctrines - Early church, ca. 30-600 --- Palestine in Christianity - History of doctrines - Early church, ca. 30-600 --- Pèlerinages --- Antiquité tardive